Data · Updated 20 October 2026
UK AI Job-Risk Index
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How exposed are UK occupations to AI? This index puts the Department for Education's published AI exposure scores next to ONS figures on how many people do each job and what it pays, for all 293 occupations where both are published.
25.3m
employee jobs covered (ONS ASHE 2020)
54%
of those jobs are in High or Very high exposure occupations
Exposure ≠ job loss
High exposure often means AI changes tasks, not that the job disappears. Read the method.
Search 293 UK occupations and thousands of job titles from the ONS SOC 2010 index.
Pick your occupation for a shareable result page, or browse all occupations A–Z.
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| Management consultants and business analysts SOC 2010 2423 · Level 4 | Very high 1.49 100th percentile | 1.45 | 203,000 | £42,555 | Article |
| Financial managers and directors SOC 2010 1131 · Level 4 | Very high 1.46 100th percentile | 1.32 | 362,000 | £67,020 | Role scanner |
| Chartered and certified accountants SOC 2010 2421 · Level 4 | Very high 1.46 99th percentile | 1.25 | 97,000 | £42,303 | Article |
| Psychologists SOC 2010 2212 · Level 4 | Very high 1.46 99th percentile | 1.56 | 32,000 | £44,794 | Role scanner |
| Purchasing managers and directors SOC 2010 1133 · Level 4 | Very high 1.44 99th percentile | 1.33 | 73,000 | £48,199 | Article |
| Actuaries, economists and statisticians SOC 2010 2425 · Level 4 | Very high 1.42 99th percentile | 1.27 | 33,000 | £45,887 | Role scanner |
| Business and financial project management professionals SOC 2010 2424 · Level 4 | Very high 1.41 98th percentile | 1.29 | 265,000 | £50,508 | Article |
| Finance and investment analysts and advisers SOC 2010 3534 · Level 3 | Very high 1.41 98th percentile | 1.31 | 134,000 | £37,441 | Article |
| Legal professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2419 · Level 4 | Very high 1.40 98th percentile | 1.50 | 46,000 | £77,582 | Role scanner |
| Business and related associate professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 3539 · Level 3 | Very high 1.39 98th percentile | 1.27 | 218,000 | £30,032 | Role scanner |
| Credit controllers SOC 2010 4121 · Level 2 | Very high 1.39 97th percentile | 1.49 | 24,000 | £24,440 | Role scanner |
| Solicitors SOC 2010 2413 · Level 4 | Very high 1.38 97th percentile | 1.59 | 89,000 | £43,014 | Article |
| Civil engineers SOC 2010 2121 · Level 4 | Very high 1.36 97th percentile | 1.02 | 46,000 | £43,317 | Role scanner |
| Education advisers and school inspectors SOC 2010 2318 · Level 4 | Very high 1.35 96th percentile | 1.40 | 18,000 | £41,075 | Role scanner |
| Human resources administrative occupations SOC 2010 4138 · Level 2 | Very high 1.35 96th percentile | 1.49 | 20,000 | £21,516 | Role scanner |
| Business, research and administrative professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2429 · Level 4 | Very high 1.35 96th percentile | 1.22 | 56,000 | £49,350 | Role scanner |
| Book-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerks SOC 2010 4122 · Level 2 | Very high 1.34 95th percentile | 1.18 | 297,000 | £25,926 | Article |
| Financial accounts managers SOC 2010 3538 · Level 3 | Very high 1.34 96th percentile | 1.08 | 130,000 | £38,466 | Role scanner |
| National government administrative occupations SOC 2010 4112 · Level 2 | Very high 1.33 95th percentile | 1.39 | 160,000 | £26,554 | Article |
| Marketing associate professionals SOC 2010 3543 · Level 3 | Very high 1.31 95th percentile | 1.34 | 163,000 | £28,725 | Article |
| Financial and accounting technicians SOC 2010 3537 · Level 3 | Very high 1.30 94th percentile | 1.14 | 34,000 | £45,467 | Role scanner |
| Human resource managers and directors SOC 2010 1135 · Level 4 | Very high 1.30 94th percentile | 1.39 | 133,000 | £49,346 | Article |
| Insurance underwriters SOC 2010 3533 · Level 3 | Very high 1.30 94th percentile | 1.31 | 23,000 | £36,270 | Role scanner |
| Vocational and industrial trainers and instructors SOC 2010 3563 · Level 3 | Very high 1.30 93th percentile | 1.36 | 127,000 | £30,102 | Article |
| Information technology and telecommunications directors SOC 2010 1136 · Level 4 | Very high 1.30 93th percentile | 1.16 | 35,000 | £72,980 | Role scanner |
| IT project and programme managers SOC 2010 2134 · Level 4 | Very high 1.30 93th percentile | 1.16 | 23,000 | £49,413 | Role scanner |
| Marketing and sales directors SOC 2010 1132 · Level 4 | Very high 1.29 93th percentile | 1.25 | 204,000 | £80,000 | Article |
| Public relations professionals SOC 2010 2472 · Level 4 | Very high 1.29 92th percentile | 1.46 | 32,000 | £33,530 | Role scanner |
| Local government administrative occupations SOC 2010 4113 · Level 2 | Very high 1.26 92th percentile | 1.43 | 61,000 | £25,279 | Role scanner |
| Sales accounts and business development managers SOC 2010 3545 · Level 3 | Very high 1.26 92th percentile | 1.26 | 572,000 | £48,032 | Article |
| Health care practice managers SOC 2010 1241 · Level 3 | Very high 1.25 91th percentile | 1.31 | 22,000 | £33,351 | Role scanner |
| Health services and public health managers and directors SOC 2010 1181 · Level 4 | Very high 1.25 91th percentile | 1.31 | 54,000 | £51,283 | Role scanner |
| Clergy SOC 2010 2444 · Level 4 | Very high 1.24 90th percentile | 1.42 | 47,000 | £26,890 | Role scanner |
| Further education teaching professionals SOC 2010 2312 · Level 4 | Very high 1.24 90th percentile | 1.54 | 123,000 | £37,029 | Article |
| Programmers and software development professionals SOC 2010 2136 · Level 4 | Very high 1.24 90th percentile | 1.01 | 247,000 | £43,981 | Article |
| Social and humanities scientists SOC 2010 2114 · Level 4 | Very high 1.24 90th percentile | 1.35 | 10,000 | £29,450 | Role scanner |
| Human resources and industrial relations officers SOC 2010 3562 · Level 3 | Very high 1.23 89th percentile | 1.33 | 157,000 | £30,068 | Article |
| Pensions and insurance clerks and assistants SOC 2010 4132 · Level 2 | Very high 1.23 89th percentile | 1.20 | 36,000 | £23,566 | Role scanner |
| Higher education teaching professionals SOC 2010 2311 · Level 4 | Very high 1.22 89th percentile | 1.42 | 140,000 | £51,068 | Article |
| Advertising accounts managers and creative directors SOC 2010 2473 · Level 4 | Very high 1.22 88th percentile | 1.12 | 27,000 | £41,913 | Role scanner |
| Taxation experts SOC 2010 3535 · Level 3 | Very high 1.22 88th percentile | 1.08 | 20,000 | £45,781 | Role scanner |
| Town planning officers SOC 2010 2432 · Level 4 | Very high 1.22 88th percentile | 1.05 | 8,000 | £33,225 | Role scanner |
| Information technology and telecommunications professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2139 · Level 4 | Very high 1.21 87th percentile | 1.00 | 117,000 | £38,602 | Role scanner |
| Medical secretaries SOC 2010 4211 · Level 2 | Very high 1.21 87th percentile | 1.29 | 37,000 | £21,505 | Role scanner |
| Quality assurance and regulatory professionals SOC 2010 2462 · Level 4 | Very high 1.20 87th percentile | 1.17 | 107,000 | £45,553 | Role scanner |
| Design and development engineers SOC 2010 2126 · Level 4 | Very high 1.18 87th percentile | 0.98 | 95,000 | £41,794 | Role scanner |
| Barristers and judges SOC 2010 2412 · Level 4 | Very high 1.18 86th percentile | 1.25 | 7,000 | £41,843 | Role scanner |
| Quantity surveyors SOC 2010 2433 · Level 4 | Very high 1.17 86th percentile | 0.92 | 38,000 | £45,090 | Role scanner |
| Environment professionals SOC 2010 2142 · Level 4 | Very high 1.17 86th percentile | 1.03 | 40,000 | £36,581 | Role scanner |
| Journalists, newspaper and periodical editors SOC 2010 2471 · Level 4 | Very high 1.16 85th percentile | 1.30 | 39,000 | £39,000 | Role scanner |
| Teaching and other educational professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2319 · Level 4 | Very high 1.14 85th percentile | 1.29 | 114,000 | £26,872 | Role scanner |
| Senior professionals of educational establishments SOC 2010 2317 · Level 4 | Very high 1.14 85th percentile | 1.26 | 114,000 | £56,508 | Article |
| Social services managers and directors SOC 2010 1184 · Level 4 | Very high 1.14 85th percentile | 1.21 | 19,000 | £39,857 | Role scanner |
| Estate agents and auctioneers SOC 2010 3544 · Level 3 | Very high 1.14 84th percentile | 1.17 | 33,000 | £24,898 | Role scanner |
| Housing officers SOC 2010 3234 · Level 3 | Very high 1.14 84th percentile | 1.26 | 48,000 | £28,604 | Role scanner |
| Quality control and planning engineers SOC 2010 2461 · Level 4 | Very high 1.13 84th percentile | 0.90 | 47,000 | £38,789 | Role scanner |
| Customer service managers and supervisors SOC 2010 7220 · Level 2 | Very high 1.13 84th percentile | 1.22 | 88,000 | £29,984 | Article |
| IT business analysts, architects and systems designers SOC 2010 2135 · Level 4 | Very high 1.13 83th percentile | 0.88 | 130,000 | £50,821 | Role scanner |
| IT operations technicians SOC 2010 3131 · Level 3 | Very high 1.12 83th percentile | 0.85 | 124,000 | £32,088 | Article |
| Telephone salespersons SOC 2010 7113 · Level 2 | Very high 1.10 82th percentile | 1.97 | 15,000 | £21,656 | Role scanner |
| Business and related research professionals SOC 2010 2426 · Level 4 | Very high 1.09 82th percentile | 1.01 | 105,000 | £35,269 | Role scanner |
| Engineering professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2129 · Level 4 | Very high 1.09 81th percentile | 0.83 | 178,000 | £43,962 | Article |
| Financial institution managers and directors SOC 2010 1150 · Level 4 | Very high 1.08 81th percentile | 1.08 | 74,000 | £54,168 | Role scanner |
| Business sales executives SOC 2010 3542 · Level 3 | Very high 1.08 81th percentile | 1.11 | 225,000 | £36,121 | Role scanner |
| Physical scientists SOC 2010 2113 · Level 4 | Very high 1.08 81th percentile | 0.95 | 11,000 | £41,511 | Role scanner |
| Company secretaries SOC 2010 4214 · Level 2 | Very high 1.07 80th percentile | 1.17 | 15,000 | £27,088 | Role scanner |
| Production and process engineers SOC 2010 2127 · Level 4 | Very high 1.07 80th percentile | 0.81 | 53,000 | £39,815 | Role scanner |
| Chief executives and senior officials SOC 2010 1115 · Level 4 | High 1.06 80th percentile | 1.06 | 94,000 | £85,497 | Role scanner |
| Careers advisers and vocational guidance specialists SOC 2010 3564 · Level 3 | High 1.05 79th percentile | 1.12 | 13,000 | £28,647 | Role scanner |
| Counsellors SOC 2010 3235 · Level 3 | High 1.05 79th percentile | 1.25 | 19,000 | £26,054 | Role scanner |
| Managers and directors in storage and warehousing SOC 2010 1162 · Level 4 | High 1.05 79th percentile | 0.97 | 119,000 | £30,866 | Article |
| Buyers and procurement officers SOC 2010 3541 · Level 3 | High 1.04 79th percentile | 1.01 | 60,000 | £31,047 | Role scanner |
| IT specialist managers SOC 2010 2133 · Level 4 | High 1.04 78th percentile | 0.91 | 167,000 | £50,749 | Article |
| Welfare and housing associate professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 3239 · Level 3 | High 1.03 78th percentile | 1.27 | 127,000 | £24,674 | Role scanner |
| Arts officers, producers and directors SOC 2010 3416 · Level 3 | High 1.02 78th percentile | 1.00 | 18,000 | £33,127 | Role scanner |
| Finance officers SOC 2010 4124 · Level 2 | High 1.01 77th percentile | 0.78 | 29,000 | £26,754 | Role scanner |
| Office supervisors SOC 2010 4162 · Level 2 | High 1.01 77th percentile | 1.11 | 33,000 | £26,644 | Role scanner |
| Legal associate professionals SOC 2010 3520 · Level 3 | High 1.00 76th percentile | 1.01 | 75,000 | £28,338 | Article |
| Office managers SOC 2010 4161 · Level 2 | High 1.00 76th percentile | 1.04 | 182,000 | £32,243 | Article |
| Legal secretaries SOC 2010 4212 · Level 2 | High 0.99 76th percentile | 1.13 | 24,000 | £22,146 | Role scanner |
| Telephonists SOC 2010 7213 · Level 2 | High 0.98 76th percentile | 1.33 | 8,000 | £20,029 | Role scanner |
| Architects SOC 2010 2431 · Level 4 | High 0.98 75th percentile | 0.66 | 40,000 | £42,968 | Role scanner |
| Functional managers and directors n.e.c. SOC 2010 1139 · Level 4 | High 0.96 75th percentile | 1.00 | 68,000 | £56,561 | Role scanner |
| Research and development managers SOC 2010 2150 · Level 4 | High 0.96 75th percentile | 0.93 | 63,000 | £49,000 | Role scanner |
| Mechanical engineers SOC 2010 2122 · Level 4 | High 0.96 74th percentile | 0.66 | 35,000 | £42,745 | Role scanner |
| Call and contact centre occupations SOC 2010 7211 · Level 2 | High 0.95 74th percentile | 1.23 | 50,000 | £20,237 | Role scanner |
| Personal assistants and other secretaries SOC 2010 4215 · Level 2 | High 0.94 74th percentile | 1.08 | 202,000 | £28,385 | Article |
| Sales related occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 7129 · Level 2 | High 0.94 73th percentile | 0.94 | 26,000 | £23,619 | Role scanner |
| Chemical scientists SOC 2010 2111 · Level 4 | High 0.93 73th percentile | 0.80 | 12,000 | £32,542 | Role scanner |
| Transport and distribution clerks and assistants SOC 2010 4134 · Level 2 | High 0.93 73th percentile | 0.78 | 59,000 | £26,209 | Role scanner |
| Welfare professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2449 · Level 4 | High 0.93 73th percentile | 1.17 | 17,000 | £35,400 | Role scanner |
| Speech and language therapists SOC 2010 2223 · Level 4 | High 0.90 72th percentile | 1.03 | 16,000 | £30,346 | Role scanner |
| Other administrative occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 4159 · Level 2 | High 0.90 72th percentile | 0.94 | 871,000 | £22,724 | Article |
| Estimators, valuers and assessors SOC 2010 3531 · Level 3 | High 0.90 72th percentile | 0.71 | 42,000 | £32,865 | Role scanner |
| Web design and development professionals SOC 2010 2137 · Level 4 | High 0.90 72th percentile | 0.63 | 57,000 | £31,926 | Role scanner |
| Librarians SOC 2010 2451 · Level 4 | High 0.89 71th percentile | 0.74 | 15,000 | £28,594 | Role scanner |
| Communication operators SOC 2010 7214 · Level 2 | High 0.87 71th percentile | 0.85 | 17,000 | £28,938 | Role scanner |
| Draughtspersons SOC 2010 3122 · Level 3 | High 0.86 71th percentile | 0.50 | 40,000 | £30,048 | Role scanner |
| School secretaries SOC 2010 4213 · Level 2 | High 0.86 70th percentile | 1.05 | 18,000 | £19,872 | Role scanner |
| Secondary education teaching professionals SOC 2010 2314 · Level 4 | High 0.86 70th percentile | 0.91 | 542,000 | £40,766 | Article |
| Natural and social science professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2119 · Level 4 | High 0.86 70th percentile | 0.68 | 51,000 | £37,215 | Role scanner |
| Bank and post office clerks SOC 2010 4123 · Level 2 | High 0.85 70th percentile | 0.88 | 110,000 | £22,364 | Article |
| Health and safety officers SOC 2010 3567 · Level 3 | High 0.83 69th percentile | 0.58 | 36,000 | £35,021 | Role scanner |
| Travel agents SOC 2010 6212 · Level 2 | High 0.83 69th percentile | 0.91 | 25,000 | £24,706 | Role scanner |
| Financial administrative occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 4129 · Level 2 | High 0.82 69th percentile | 0.74 | 105,000 | £23,220 | Role scanner |
| Managers and directors in transport and distribution SOC 2010 1161 · Level 4 | High 0.81 68th percentile | 0.81 | 82,000 | £40,082 | Article |
| Electrical engineers SOC 2010 2123 · Level 4 | High 0.81 68th percentile | 0.61 | 26,000 | £52,064 | Role scanner |
| Records clerks and assistants SOC 2010 4131 · Level 2 | High 0.81 68th percentile | 0.71 | 132,000 | £22,600 | Role scanner |
| Biological scientists and biochemists SOC 2010 2112 · Level 4 | High 0.81 67th percentile | 0.73 | 47,000 | £37,390 | Role scanner |
| Medical practitioners SOC 2010 2211 · Level 4 | High 0.80 67th percentile | 0.78 | 284,000 | £63,042 | Article |
| Social workers SOC 2010 2442 · Level 4 | High 0.77 66th percentile | 0.99 | 125,000 | £36,383 | Article |
| Child and early years officers SOC 2010 3233 · Level 3 | High 0.77 66th percentile | 0.93 | 47,000 | £26,014 | Role scanner |
| Public services associate professionals SOC 2010 3561 · Level 3 | High 0.76 66th percentile | 0.67 | 112,000 | £33,008 | Article |
| Customer service occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 7219 · Level 2 | High 0.73 65th percentile | 0.85 | 396,000 | £21,712 | Article |
| Residential, day and domiciliary care managers and proprietors SOC 2010 1242 · Level 3 | High 0.72 65th percentile | 0.88 | 53,000 | £36,219 | Role scanner |
| Managers and directors in retail and wholesale SOC 2010 1190 · Level 4 | High 0.71 65th percentile | 0.79 | 338,000 | £30,341 | Role scanner |
| Production managers and directors in manufacturing SOC 2010 1121 · Level 4 | High 0.68 64th percentile | 0.59 | 572,000 | £48,842 | Role scanner |
| Environmental health professionals SOC 2010 2463 · Level 4 | High 0.68 64th percentile | 0.59 | 12,000 | £36,819 | Role scanner |
| Production managers and directors in construction SOC 2010 1122 · Level 4 | High 0.66 64th percentile | 0.46 | 119,000 | £47,786 | Role scanner |
| Primary and nursery education teaching professionals SOC 2010 2315 · Level 4 | High 0.66 64th percentile | 0.83 | 526,000 | £36,755 | Article |
| Receptionists SOC 2010 4216 · Level 2 | High 0.64 63th percentile | 0.77 | 244,000 | £18,597 | Article |
| Health professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2219 · Level 4 | High 0.63 63th percentile | 0.74 | 42,000 | £36,790 | Role scanner |
| Product, clothing and related designers SOC 2010 3422 · Level 3 | High 0.61 62th percentile | 0.41 | 41,000 | £31,967 | Role scanner |
| Protective service associate professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 3319 · Level 3 | High 0.60 62th percentile | 0.48 | 21,000 | £34,778 | Role scanner |
| Podiatrists SOC 2010 2218 · Level 4 | High 0.57 62th percentile | 0.49 | 9,000 | £37,331 | Role scanner |
| Special needs education teaching professionals SOC 2010 2316 · Level 4 | High 0.57 62th percentile | 0.77 | 49,000 | £33,215 | Role scanner |
| Property, housing and estate managers SOC 2010 1251 · Level 3 | High 0.56 61th percentile | 0.64 | 115,000 | £38,821 | Article |
| Managers and proprietors in other services n.e.c. SOC 2010 1259 · Level 3 | High 0.56 61th percentile | 0.48 | 91,000 | £32,302 | Article |
| Pharmacists SOC 2010 2213 · Level 4 | High 0.55 61th percentile | 0.51 | 62,000 | £44,140 | Role scanner |
| Health associate professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 3219 · Level 3 | High 0.54 60th percentile | 0.57 | 13,000 | £22,954 | Role scanner |
| IT user support technicians SOC 2010 3132 · Level 3 | High 0.52 60th percentile | 0.45 | 150,000 | £30,796 | Article |
| Typists and related keyboard occupations SOC 2010 4217 · Level 2 | Medium 0.48 59th percentile | 0.40 | 18,000 | £20,362 | Role scanner |
| Occupational therapists SOC 2010 2222 · Level 4 | Medium 0.47 59th percentile | 0.62 | 36,000 | £32,525 | Role scanner |
| Conservation professionals SOC 2010 2141 · Level 4 | Medium 0.47 59th percentile | 0.41 | 13,000 | £31,779 | Role scanner |
| Production managers and directors in mining and energy SOC 2010 1123 · Level 4 | Medium 0.44 58th percentile | 0.28 | 9,000 | £45,684 | Role scanner |
| Sales administrators SOC 2010 4151 · Level 2 | Medium 0.42 58th percentile | 0.42 | 67,000 | £23,171 | Role scanner |
| Archivists and curators SOC 2010 2452 · Level 4 | Medium 0.39 58th percentile | 0.36 | 11,000 | £26,548 | Role scanner |
| Graphic designers SOC 2010 3421 · Level 3 | Medium 0.39 57th percentile | 0.11 | 45,000 | £29,385 | Role scanner |
| Teaching assistants SOC 2010 6125 · Level 2 | Medium 0.38 57th percentile | 0.70 | 346,000 | £17,898 | Article |
| Educational support assistants SOC 2010 6126 · Level 2 | Medium 0.38 57th percentile | 0.70 | 161,000 | £17,228 | Article |
| Youth and community workers SOC 2010 3231 · Level 3 | Medium 0.37 56th percentile | 0.47 | 96,000 | £26,147 | Role scanner |
| Leisure and sports managers SOC 2010 1225 · Level 3 | Medium 0.33 56th percentile | 0.47 | 34,000 | £32,827 | Role scanner |
| Hotel and accommodation managers and proprietors SOC 2010 1221 · Level 3 | Medium 0.33 56th percentile | 0.39 | 23,000 | £32,000 | Role scanner |
| Chartered surveyors SOC 2010 2434 · Level 4 | Medium 0.33 56th percentile | 0.01 | 67,000 | £37,765 | Article |
| Therapy professionals n.e.c. SOC 2010 2229 · Level 4 | Medium 0.31 55th percentile | 0.43 | 21,000 | £32,867 | Role scanner |
| Nursery nurses and assistants SOC 2010 6121 · Level 2 | Medium 0.30 55th percentile | 0.49 | 181,000 | £18,048 | Article |
| Conference and exhibition managers and organisers SOC 2010 3546 · Level 3 | Medium 0.30 55th percentile | 0.45 | 35,000 | £27,568 | Role scanner |
| Leisure and travel service occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 6219 · Level 2 | Medium 0.28 55th percentile | 0.45 | 11,000 | £26,148 | Role scanner |
| Security guards and related occupations SOC 2010 9241 · Level 1 | Medium 0.28 54th percentile | 0.15 | 94,000 | £26,616 | Role scanner |
| Nurses SOC 2010 2231 · Level 4 | Medium 0.25 54th percentile | 0.25 | 955,000 | £34,034 | Article |
| Ophthalmic opticians SOC 2010 2214 · Level 4 | Medium 0.24 53th percentile | 0.02 | 11,000 | £44,405 | Role scanner |
| Air transport operatives SOC 2010 8233 · Level 2 | Medium 0.24 53th percentile | 0.11 | 6,000 | £27,430 | Role scanner |
| Science, engineering and production technicians n.e.c. SOC 2010 3119 · Level 3 | Medium 0.22 53th percentile | -0.01 | 157,000 | £28,858 | Role scanner |
| Planning, process and production technicians SOC 2010 3116 · Level 3 | Medium 0.16 52th percentile | -0.11 | 45,000 | £30,575 | Role scanner |
| Midwives SOC 2010 2232 · Level 4 | Medium 0.14 52th percentile | 0.22 | 51,000 | £38,661 | Role scanner |
| Inspectors of standards and regulations SOC 2010 3565 · Level 3 | Medium 0.14 52th percentile | -0.04 | 23,000 | £32,403 | Role scanner |
| Managers and proprietors in agriculture and horticulture SOC 2010 1211 · Level 3 | Medium 0.12 51th percentile | 0.07 | 17,000 | £32,514 | Role scanner |
| Engineering technicians SOC 2010 3113 · Level 3 | Medium 0.07 51th percentile | -0.19 | 91,000 | £36,092 | Role scanner |
| Electrical and electronics technicians SOC 2010 3112 · Level 3 | Medium 0.07 51th percentile | -0.25 | 11,000 | £35,629 | Role scanner |
| Laboratory technicians SOC 2010 3111 · Level 3 | Medium 0.04 50th percentile | -0.16 | 69,000 | £21,159 | Article |
| Library clerks and assistants SOC 2010 4135 · Level 2 | Medium 0.03 50th percentile | 0.14 | 23,000 | £20,605 | Role scanner |
| Photographers, audio-visual and broadcasting equipment operators SOC 2010 3417 · Level 3 | Medium -0.03 49th percentile | -0.26 | 19,000 | £26,922 | Role scanner |
| Artists SOC 2010 3411 · Level 3 | Medium -0.08 49th percentile | -0.24 | 9,000 | £28,773 | Role scanner |
| Pharmaceutical technicians SOC 2010 3217 · Level 3 | Medium -0.10 48th percentile | -0.14 | 28,000 | £23,136 | Role scanner |
| Vehicle and parts salespersons and advisers SOC 2010 7115 · Level 2 | Medium -0.12 48th percentile | 0.07 | 14,000 | £24,379 | Role scanner |
| Sports coaches, instructors and officials SOC 2010 3442 · Level 3 | Medium -0.14 47th percentile | 0.10 | 68,000 | £24,849 | Role scanner |
| Veterinarians SOC 2010 2216 · Level 4 | Medium -0.14 48th percentile | -0.12 | 16,000 | £39,221 | Role scanner |
| Sales supervisors SOC 2010 7130 · Level 2 | Medium -0.15 47th percentile | 0.00 | 69,000 | £23,562 | Role scanner |
| Quality assurance technicians SOC 2010 3115 · Level 3 | Medium -0.17 47th percentile | -0.34 | 32,000 | £27,807 | Role scanner |
| Debt, rent and other cash collectors SOC 2010 7122 · Level 2 | Medium -0.19 47th percentile | -0.23 | 14,000 | £20,160 | Role scanner |
| Medical radiographers SOC 2010 2217 · Level 4 | Medium -0.19 46th percentile | -0.26 | 30,000 | £37,324 | Role scanner |
| Skilled metal, electrical and electronic trades supervisors SOC 2010 5250 · Level 3 | Medium -0.20 46th percentile | -0.19 | 39,000 | £36,370 | Role scanner |
| Construction and building trades supervisors SOC 2010 5330 · Level 3 | Medium -0.23 45th percentile | -0.27 | 39,000 | £38,569 | Role scanner |
| Restaurant and catering establishment managers and proprietors SOC 2010 1223 · Level 3 | Medium -0.23 45th percentile | -0.04 | 47,000 | £25,015 | Role scanner |
| Senior care workers SOC 2010 6146 · Level 2 | Medium -0.24 44th percentile | 0.12 | 76,000 | £21,123 | Article |
| Playworkers SOC 2010 6123 · Level 2 | Medium -0.25 44th percentile | -0.06 | 46,000 | £15,392 | Role scanner |
| Weighers, graders and sorters SOC 2010 8134 · Level 2 | Medium -0.26 44th percentile | -0.42 | 6,000 | £24,979 | Role scanner |
| Houseparents and residential wardens SOC 2010 6144 · Level 2 | Medium -0.27 44th percentile | 0.07 | 15,000 | £24,115 | Role scanner |
| Pharmacy and other dispensing assistants SOC 2010 7114 · Level 2 | Medium -0.27 43th percentile | -0.14 | 69,000 | £17,734 | Article |
| Energy plant operatives SOC 2010 8124 · Level 2 | Medium -0.29 43th percentile | -0.52 | 6,000 | £37,187 | Role scanner |
| Paramedics SOC 2010 3213 · Level 3 | Medium -0.30 43th percentile | -0.29 | 28,000 | £43,159 | Role scanner |
| Medical and dental technicians SOC 2010 3218 · Level 3 | Medium -0.30 42th percentile | -0.30 | 24,000 | £27,515 | Role scanner |
| Physiotherapists SOC 2010 2221 · Level 4 | Medium -0.31 42th percentile | 0.01 | 56,000 | £33,479 | Role scanner |
| Senior police officers SOC 2010 1172 · Level 4 | Medium -0.31 42th percentile | -0.32 | 12,000 | £55,518 | Role scanner |
| Precision instrument makers and repairers SOC 2010 5224 · Level 3 | Medium -0.35 42th percentile | -0.65 | 10,000 | £28,457 | Role scanner |
| Telecommunications engineers SOC 2010 5242 · Level 3 | Medium -0.36 41th percentile | -0.49 | 17,000 | £34,420 | Role scanner |
| Care workers and home carers SOC 2010 6145 · Level 2 | Medium -0.36 41th percentile | -0.09 | 671,000 | £19,945 | Article |
| Air travel assistants SOC 2010 6214 · Level 2 | Medium -0.36 41th percentile | 0.01 | 10,000 | £25,816 | Role scanner |
| Retail cashiers and check-out operators SOC 2010 7112 · Level 2 | Medium -0.37 41th percentile | -0.23 | 141,000 | £17,774 | Role scanner |
| Chefs SOC 2010 5434 · Level 3 | Medium -0.38 40th percentile | -0.28 | 178,000 | £22,851 | Article |
| Caretakers SOC 2010 6232 · Level 2 | Low -0.41 39th percentile | -0.11 | 70,000 | £22,034 | Role scanner |
| Other elementary services occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 9279 · Level 1 | Low -0.43 39th percentile | -0.20 | 8,000 | £18,571 | Role scanner |
| Conservation and environmental associate professionals SOC 2010 3550 · Level 3 | Low -0.44 39th percentile | -0.51 | 9,000 | £22,005 | Role scanner |
| Routine inspectors and testers SOC 2010 8133 · Level 2 | Low -0.45 38th percentile | -0.64 | 51,000 | £26,653 | Role scanner |
| Sales and retail assistants SOC 2010 7111 · Level 2 | Low -0.46 38th percentile | -0.14 | 1,048,000 | £18,973 | Role scanner |
| Farmers SOC 2010 5111 · Level 3 | Low -0.46 38th percentile | -0.58 | 7,000 | £27,521 | Role scanner |
| Beauticians and related occupations SOC 2010 6222 · Level 2 | Low -0.48 37th percentile | -0.45 | 41,000 | £18,921 | Role scanner |
| Childminders and related occupations SOC 2010 6122 · Level 2 | Low -0.49 37th percentile | -0.25 | 27,000 | £23,163 | Role scanner |
| Catering and bar managers SOC 2010 5436 · Level 3 | Low -0.49 37th percentile | -0.31 | 41,000 | £23,078 | Role scanner |
| Veterinary nurses SOC 2010 6131 · Level 2 | Low -0.49 36th percentile | -0.42 | 10,000 | £21,691 | Role scanner |
| Fitness instructors SOC 2010 3443 · Level 3 | Low -0.52 36th percentile | -0.08 | 32,000 | £20,965 | Role scanner |
| Bakers and flour confectioners SOC 2010 5432 · Level 3 | Low -0.52 36th percentile | -0.62 | 22,000 | £19,915 | Role scanner |
| Stock control clerks and assistants SOC 2010 4133 · Level 2 | Low -0.52 35th percentile | -0.43 | 73,000 | £23,895 | Role scanner |
| Bus and coach drivers SOC 2010 8213 · Level 2 | Low -0.59 34th percentile | -1.07 | 99,000 | £27,015 | Article |
| Elementary security occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 9249 · Level 1 | Low -0.59 34th percentile | -0.46 | 9,000 | £25,303 | Role scanner |
| Undertakers, mortuary and crematorium assistants SOC 2010 6148 · Level 2 | Low -0.60 34th percentile | -0.43 | 17,000 | £26,023 | Role scanner |
| Dental nurses SOC 2010 6143 · Level 2 | Low -0.60 33th percentile | -0.48 | 45,000 | £18,684 | Role scanner |
| Hairdressers and barbers SOC 2010 6221 · Level 2 | Low -0.61 33th percentile | -0.36 | 50,000 | £17,331 | Role scanner |
| Electricians and electrical fitters SOC 2010 5241 · Level 3 | Low -0.62 33th percentile | -0.78 | 134,000 | £33,657 | Article |
| Waiters and waitresses SOC 2010 9273 · Level 1 | Low -0.65 32th percentile | -0.26 | 155,000 | £17,425 | Role scanner |
| Elementary storage occupations SOC 2010 9260 · Level 1 | Low -0.67 32th percentile | -0.67 | 462,000 | £22,236 | Article |
| Cleaning and housekeeping managers and supervisors SOC 2010 6240 · Level 2 | Low -0.67 32th percentile | -0.44 | 44,000 | £21,979 | Role scanner |
| Cooks SOC 2010 5435 · Level 3 | Low -0.70 32th percentile | -0.59 | 65,000 | £16,981 | Role scanner |
| Air-conditioning and refrigeration engineers SOC 2010 5225 · Level 3 | Low -0.70 31th percentile | -0.78 | 7,000 | £35,663 | Role scanner |
| Chemical and related process operatives SOC 2010 8114 · Level 2 | Low -0.70 31th percentile | -0.90 | 23,000 | £30,083 | Role scanner |
| Agricultural and fishing trades n.e.c. SOC 2010 5119 · Level 3 | Low -0.70 31th percentile | -0.74 | 11,000 | £22,540 | Role scanner |
| Tool makers, tool fitters and markers-out SOC 2010 5222 · Level 3 | Low -0.72 30th percentile | -0.93 | 8,000 | £31,579 | Role scanner |
| Parking and civil enforcement occupations SOC 2010 9242 · Level 1 | Low -0.72 30th percentile | -0.90 | 12,000 | £21,821 | Role scanner |
| Police officers (sergeant and below) SOC 2010 3312 · Level 3 | Low -0.73 30th percentile | -0.69 | 221,000 | £41,641 | Article |
| Other skilled trades n.e.c. SOC 2010 5449 · Level 3 | Low -0.73 30th percentile | -0.96 | 15,000 | £26,702 | Role scanner |
| Train and tram drivers SOC 2010 8231 · Level 2 | Low -0.79 29th percentile | -1.12 | 28,000 | £55,882 | Role scanner |
| Taxi and cab drivers and chauffeurs SOC 2010 8214 · Level 2 | Low -0.79 29th percentile | -1.12 | 12,000 | £22,134 | Role scanner |
| Print finishing and binding workers SOC 2010 5423 · Level 3 | Low -0.79 28th percentile | -0.86 | 12,000 | £24,113 | Role scanner |
| Water and sewerage plant operatives SOC 2010 8126 · Level 2 | Low -0.79 28th percentile | -0.94 | 12,000 | £32,084 | Role scanner |
| Nursing auxiliaries and assistants SOC 2010 6141 · Level 2 | Low -0.80 27th percentile | -0.60 | 391,000 | £21,514 | Article |
| Elementary administration occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 9219 · Level 1 | Low -0.82 27th percentile | -0.80 | 36,000 | £19,123 | Role scanner |
| Rail travel assistants SOC 2010 6215 · Level 2 | Low -0.82 27th percentile | -0.67 | 18,000 | £36,547 | Role scanner |
| Electrical and electronic trades n.e.c. SOC 2010 5249 · Level 3 | Low -0.86 27th percentile | -0.97 | 115,000 | £34,941 | Article |
| Crane drivers SOC 2010 8221 · Level 2 | Low -0.89 26th percentile | -1.05 | 6,000 | £40,002 | Role scanner |
| Prison service officers (below principal officer) SOC 2010 3314 · Level 3 | Low -0.90 25th percentile | -0.65 | 18,000 | £31,093 | Role scanner |
| Ambulance staff (excluding paramedics) SOC 2010 6142 · Level 2 | Low -0.91 25th percentile | -0.93 | 23,000 | £25,688 | Role scanner |
| Police community support officers SOC 2010 3315 · Level 3 | Low -0.91 25th percentile | -0.88 | 11,000 | £26,783 | Role scanner |
| Assemblers (vehicles and metal goods) SOC 2010 8132 · Level 2 | Low -0.93 24th percentile | -1.00 | 30,000 | £31,697 | Role scanner |
| Animal care services occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 6139 · Level 2 | Low -0.94 24th percentile | -0.80 | 31,000 | £21,002 | Role scanner |
| Rail transport operatives SOC 2010 8234 · Level 2 | Low -0.94 24th percentile | -1.08 | 9,000 | £47,380 | Role scanner |
| Printers SOC 2010 5422 · Level 3 | Low -0.94 24th percentile | -1.06 | 16,000 | £26,135 | Role scanner |
| Metal machining setters and setter-operators SOC 2010 5221 · Level 3 | Low -0.96 23th percentile | -1.12 | 58,000 | £29,548 | Role scanner |
| Assemblers and routine operatives n.e.c. SOC 2010 8139 · Level 2 | Low -0.97 23th percentile | -1.11 | 91,000 | £22,296 | Role scanner |
| Shelf fillers SOC 2010 9251 · Level 1 | Low -0.98 23th percentile | -0.61 | 42,000 | £17,538 | Role scanner |
| Construction and building trades n.e.c. SOC 2010 5319 · Level 3 | Low -0.98 22th percentile | -1.05 | 32,000 | £27,632 | Role scanner |
| Fire service officers (watch manager and below) SOC 2010 3313 · Level 3 | Low -0.99 22th percentile | -1.03 | 69,000 | £35,885 | Article |
| Printing machine assistants SOC 2010 8127 · Level 2 | Low -0.99 22th percentile | -1.07 | 16,000 | £23,888 | Role scanner |
| Housekeepers and related occupations SOC 2010 6231 · Level 2 | Low -0.99 21th percentile | -0.63 | 40,000 | £19,264 | Role scanner |
| Food, drink and tobacco process operatives SOC 2010 8111 · Level 2 | Low -1.00 21th percentile | -1.10 | 140,000 | £21,714 | Role scanner |
| Assemblers (electrical and electronic products) SOC 2010 8131 · Level 2 | Low -1.01 21th percentile | -1.07 | 15,000 | £23,614 | Role scanner |
| Kitchen and catering assistants SOC 2010 9272 · Level 1 | Low -1.01 21th percentile | -0.77 | 439,000 | £17,356 | Article |
| Metal working machine operatives SOC 2010 8125 · Level 2 | Low -1.04 20th percentile | -1.19 | 19,000 | £24,167 | Role scanner |
| Merchandisers and window dressers SOC 2010 7125 · Level 2 | Very low -1.08 19th percentile | -0.76 | 15,000 | £24,226 | Role scanner |
| Postal workers, mail sorters, messengers and couriers SOC 2010 9211 · Level 1 | Very low -1.10 18th percentile | -0.94 | 37,000 | £24,019 | Role scanner |
| Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians SOC 2010 5231 · Level 3 | Very low -1.10 18th percentile | -1.14 | 126,000 | £29,125 | Role scanner |
| Plumbers and heating and ventilating engineers SOC 2010 5314 · Level 3 | Very low -1.14 18th percentile | -1.17 | 57,000 | £32,344 | Role scanner |
| Plastics process operatives SOC 2010 8116 · Level 2 | Very low -1.16 18th percentile | -1.29 | 12,000 | £22,143 | Role scanner |
| Electroplaters SOC 2010 8118 · Level 2 | Very low -1.20 17th percentile | -1.25 | 6,000 | £25,695 | Role scanner |
| Refuse and salvage occupations SOC 2010 9235 · Level 1 | Very low -1.25 16th percentile | -1.30 | 22,000 | £20,628 | Role scanner |
| Metal making and treating process operatives SOC 2010 8117 · Level 2 | Very low -1.26 15th percentile | -1.36 | 9,000 | £26,606 | Role scanner |
| Furniture makers and other craft woodworkers SOC 2010 5442 · Level 3 | Very low -1.26 15th percentile | -1.34 | 14,000 | £24,194 | Role scanner |
| Metal working production and maintenance fitters SOC 2010 5223 · Level 3 | Very low -1.27 14th percentile | -1.31 | 293,000 | £32,934 | Article |
| Paper and wood machine operatives SOC 2010 8121 · Level 2 | Very low -1.28 14th percentile | -1.34 | 16,000 | £24,375 | Role scanner |
| Plant and machine operatives n.e.c. SOC 2010 8129 · Level 2 | Very low -1.29 14th percentile | -1.36 | 11,000 | £25,855 | Role scanner |
| Van drivers SOC 2010 8212 · Level 2 | Very low -1.31 13th percentile | -1.40 | 258,000 | £22,654 | Article |
| Welding trades SOC 2010 5215 · Level 3 | Very low -1.31 13th percentile | -1.41 | 50,000 | £28,320 | Role scanner |
| Rail construction and maintenance operatives SOC 2010 8143 · Level 2 | Very low -1.31 12th percentile | -1.53 | 7,000 | £35,333 | Role scanner |
| Sheet metal workers SOC 2010 5213 · Level 3 | Very low -1.32 12th percentile | -1.38 | 10,000 | £25,913 | Role scanner |
| Groundsmen and greenkeepers SOC 2010 5114 · Level 3 | Very low -1.33 12th percentile | -1.34 | 40,000 | £20,973 | Role scanner |
| Glaziers, window fabricators and fitters SOC 2010 5316 · Level 3 | Very low -1.36 11th percentile | -1.29 | 19,000 | £23,492 | Role scanner |
| Construction operatives n.e.c. SOC 2010 8149 · Level 2 | Very low -1.36 10th percentile | -1.35 | 86,000 | £26,418 | Article |
| Carpenters and joiners SOC 2010 5315 · Level 3 | Very low -1.36 10th percentile | -1.34 | 75,000 | £28,473 | Article |
| Mobile machine drivers and operatives n.e.c. SOC 2010 8229 · Level 2 | Very low -1.36 10th percentile | -1.60 | 38,000 | £30,463 | Role scanner |
| Bar staff SOC 2010 9274 · Level 1 | Very low -1.38 10th percentile | -1.04 | 107,000 | £18,144 | Role scanner |
| Fishing and other elementary agriculture occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 9119 · Level 1 | Very low -1.38 9th percentile | -1.35 | 20,000 | £21,249 | Role scanner |
| Sewing machinists SOC 2010 8137 · Level 2 | Very low -1.38 9th percentile | -1.50 | 17,000 | £18,967 | Role scanner |
| Large goods vehicle drivers SOC 2010 8211 · Level 2 | Very low -1.41 8th percentile | -1.55 | 200,000 | £30,820 | Article |
| Scaffolders, stagers and riggers SOC 2010 8141 · Level 2 | Very low -1.41 8th percentile | -1.44 | 14,000 | £34,176 | Role scanner |
| Textile process operatives SOC 2010 8113 · Level 2 | Very low -1.43 8th percentile | -1.47 | 10,000 | £23,719 | Role scanner |
| Process operatives n.e.c. SOC 2010 8119 · Level 2 | Very low -1.46 7th percentile | -1.47 | 6,000 | £27,800 | Role scanner |
| Farm workers SOC 2010 9111 · Level 1 | Very low -1.47 7th percentile | -1.43 | 43,000 | £22,924 | Role scanner |
| Butchers SOC 2010 5431 · Level 3 | Very low -1.47 7th percentile | -1.36 | 30,000 | £22,697 | Role scanner |
| Vehicle paint technicians SOC 2010 5234 · Level 3 | Very low -1.48 6th percentile | -1.64 | 7,000 | £29,827 | Role scanner |
| Street cleaners SOC 2010 9232 · Level 1 | Very low -1.48 6th percentile | -1.49 | 6,000 | £20,244 | Role scanner |
| Industrial cleaning process occupations SOC 2010 9132 · Level 1 | Very low -1.52 6th percentile | -1.51 | 14,000 | £20,406 | Role scanner |
| Tyre, exhaust and windscreen fitters SOC 2010 8135 · Level 2 | Very low -1.52 5th percentile | -1.45 | 15,000 | £22,278 | Role scanner |
| Elementary process plant occupations n.e.c. SOC 2010 9139 · Level 1 | Very low -1.53 5th percentile | -1.51 | 88,000 | £22,385 | Role scanner |
| Road construction operatives SOC 2010 8142 · Level 2 | Very low -1.53 5th percentile | -1.53 | 19,000 | £30,535 | Role scanner |
| Gardeners and landscape gardeners SOC 2010 5113 · Level 3 | Very low -1.55 4th percentile | -1.44 | 42,000 | £21,468 | Role scanner |
| Packers, bottlers, canners and fillers SOC 2010 9134 · Level 1 | Very low -1.56 4th percentile | -1.42 | 94,000 | £20,257 | Role scanner |
| Fork-lift truck drivers SOC 2010 8222 · Level 2 | Very low -1.61 4th percentile | -1.81 | 24,000 | £25,741 | Role scanner |
| Painters and decorators SOC 2010 5323 · Level 3 | Very low -1.64 4th percentile | -1.41 | 21,000 | £25,617 | Role scanner |
| Launderers, dry cleaners and pressers SOC 2010 9234 · Level 1 | Very low -1.71 3th percentile | -1.59 | 16,000 | £17,396 | Role scanner |
| Floorers and wall tilers SOC 2010 5322 · Level 3 | Very low -1.74 2th percentile | -1.60 | 10,000 | £27,376 | Role scanner |
| Cleaners and domestics SOC 2010 9233 · Level 1 | Very low -1.74 2th percentile | -1.24 | 508,000 | £17,899 | Article |
| Vehicle valeters and cleaners SOC 2010 9236 · Level 1 | Very low -1.86 2th percentile | -1.76 | 12,000 | £19,976 | Role scanner |
| Elementary construction occupations SOC 2010 9120 · Level 1 | Very low -1.91 1th percentile | -1.73 | 66,000 | £24,189 | Role scanner |
| Roofers, roof tilers and slaters SOC 2010 5313 · Level 3 | Very low -1.99 1th percentile | -1.78 | 14,000 | £26,989 | Role scanner |
AIOE scores are standardised (mean 0, SD 1 across the 365 occupations DfE scored); higher means more of the job's required abilities overlap with what current AI applications can do. Pay is the median gross annual pay for full-time employees.
Methodology
- AI exposure. We use the AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) scores published by the Department for Education in The impact of AI on UK jobs and training (November 2023), Annex 1. DfE adapted the method of Felten, Raj and Seamans: ten AI applications (such as language modelling, image recognition and translation) are scored against 52 O*NET human abilities, then weighted by how much each UK occupation (SOC 2010 4-digit) relies on those abilities. We show both the "all AI" score and DfE's large language model (LLM) score.
- Bands. Bands are our own: we rank all 365 occupations DfE scored by the all-AI score and split them into fifths (Very low to Very high). The percentile shown is the occupation's position in that ranking.
- Employment and pay. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) 2020 revised, Table 14 (4-digit SOC 2010): number of employee jobs (Table 14.1a, all employees) and median gross annual pay for full-time employees (Table 14.7a). We use 2020 because it is the latest ASHE edition published on SOC 2010, the same classification as the DfE scores, so no crosswalk is needed.
- Selection. Of 293 occupations with both an exposure score and published ASHE figures, we include all of them (293). The other 72 scored occupations are left out because ONS did not publish a reliable 2020 employee-jobs or full-time pay estimate for them; we do not fill gaps with estimates. Job titles on each page come from the ONS SOC 2010 coding index (version 7, 2018), using only titles the index assigns to a single unit group.
Limitations
- Exposure is not risk of job loss. AIOE measures overlap between a job's abilities and AI capabilities. Highly exposed jobs may be augmented (made more productive) rather than replaced; DfE says the same.
- Pay and job counts are 2020. Pay has risen since; use the figures for comparison between occupations, not as current salaries. 2020 was also affected by the pandemic and furlough.
- Employee jobs only. ASHE excludes the self-employed, so counts for trades, drivers and creative work are understated.
- US ability data. The ability profiles come from the US O*NET system mapped to UK occupations, and the AI capability assessment reflects AI as of the original research, before the latest generative AI tools.
- Broad "n.e.c." (not elsewhere classified) groups mix very different jobs. Treat any single score as indicative.
Sources
- Department for Education (2023). The impact of AI on UK jobs and training, report and Annex 1 data. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- Office for National Statistics (2020, revised 2021). Earnings and hours worked, occupation by four-digit SOC 2010: ASHE Table 14. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- Felten, E., Raj, M. and Seamans, R. (2021). Occupational, industry, and geographic exposure to artificial intelligence. Strategic Management Journal. AIOE data.
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